Flotation

Recovers as much valuable mineral as practical into an initial concentrate during the first flotation stage. Operating conditions emphasize recovery, with the rougher concentrate typically upgraded in cleaner stages and tailings sent to scavenging.

Upgrades rougher concentrate by removing remaining gangue to achieve the required product grade. Multiple cleaning stages or recycle streams may be used to balance concentrate purity with overall recovery.

Recovers valuable minerals remaining in rougher tailings to improve overall metallurgical recovery. Scavenger concentrate is commonly recycled or reground, while final tailings leave the flotation circuit.

Uses tall flotation columns and controlled air bubbles to improve fine-particle separation and concentrate grade. The countercurrent design, deep froth zone, and wash water can improve selectivity and reduce entrained gangue in the product.

Further grinds intermediate concentrate to improve mineral liberation before additional separation or cleaning. Targeted regrinding improves liberation without unnecessarily grinding the entire plant feed, supporting higher concentrate grade and recovery.